Top Layer:

Top layer has two basic functions. Firstly provide waterproofing for road and secondly provide adequately smooth surface for the least surface friction. Usually, PCC/RCC roads do not require this layer.

Middle Layer {Water Bound Macadm (WBM)}:

Middle layer is again with graded stone aggregate but of smaller size usually 40 mm. Thickness of this layer depends on density and speed of traffic.

Foundation Layer of Road:

Good quality crushed coarse stone metal aggregate is good to lay foundation of road. Size of the aggregate and thickness of layer depends of the traffic density and speed.

Constructing Formation for Road:

Testing of clay available at site would tell whether cutting is necessary and to the extent it is necessary. Even if clay at site is bad cutting need not be very deep.

Survey and Testing:

Survey for road or for existing road is a must. It is already brought out that water is the worst enemy of road after construction. Survey would make the engineer know filling and cutting needed at every spot so water won't accumulate on the road.

Road construction:

There is a definite engineering for road construction. If engineering rules are implemented in construction and repairs the road would serve for a long time. This long time may be over 10 years or even 50 years.

All architecture and engineering of Road for knowledge of common Man

Summary of Road Architecture:

Road is basically needed for smooth, reasonably fast and secure movement of traffic. In addition there are side uses of road. Many times side use gets importance and priority.

Road Crossings:

Safe road crossing is desired by all and it is not a big demand. Pedestrians as well as vehicles must have safe places for road crossings. In respect of BRT and Metro Train it is must to ensure speed and safety.

Storm water drainage:

Storm water drain gets attention only when rainwater guesses inside building. Almost every part of the road is generally neglected but the most neglected part is storm water drainage,

Space for Trees, Sellers, Public Amenities Etc.

There is a need to find space for requirements like footpath sellers, trees, the god, public amenities etc. If this is not done no law or police can keep footpath free of encroachment.

Footpath for pedestrians:

Lavish Side Walk

Minimum Side Walk

Pedestrians get first priority on road. This is a worldwide accepted principle. However, in Bharat costliest car gets the first priority. It appears first claim for footpath goes from building owners to the god.

Main Traffic Lanes:

There may be 1 or more traffic lane for general traffic. It is advisable to have at least 3 lanes near road crossings (Chowks). This shall help in dividing traffic moving in different direction i. e. Straight, left and right.

BRT Lane:

This lane is a must for public transport. Proper planning of this lane would give more than expected dividend. There may be situation that BRT is not required when the road is planned. However, in such a case land provision should be made.

Road Crossing (Chowk)

This is an important aspect of a road. Most of the accidents take place in this area. Architectural planning of chowk is highly important for speedy and accident free traffic.

Road Divider

Road divider is needed basically for controlling traffic in opposite direction. However, there are a few more advantages. For taking 'U' turn, if adequate space is available vehicles can safely wait for clear road on opposite side and take opposite lane for going in opposite direction.

Planning of Road

Once a decision is taken how road, roadside and space along the road should be used planning must take in to consideration all such use. In addition it must be ensured that people using road follow road discipline.

Indians are poor but India is not a poor country.

Following Message has been received through email.

Says one of the Swiss bank directors  that "280 lac crore" of Indian money is deposited in Swiss banks.

Why Roads?

People move from place to place for various reasons. They use different method of transport utilities. Road is needed for people who move on foot or a vehicle. Basic purpose of road is to control such traffic.

Division of Bharat for Administration Purpose:

Present division of the country for administrative purpose has a lacuna. Loksabha has direct control of all state vidhansabha. Similarly state vidhansabha has direct control over jilhaparishad and villages/towns/cities. Loksabha as well as vidhansabha constituencies are neither for a specific district nor for a specific tehsil.

Counting of Votes and declaring Result.of an Election

Present system of collection of voting machines and counting need two modifications. Modern technology gives access to internet via satellite even in remote areas. Advantage of this facility should be taken.